Who is most at risk for kidney stones?

Who is most at risk for kidney stones?

Kidney stones can affect almost anyone, but some people are more likely to develop them than others. They form when minerals and salts in the urine become concentrated and stick together. In the UK, this is a common condition, and the risk is higher in certain groups.

Knowing who is most at risk can help people take steps to lower their chances. Lifestyle, health conditions, family history, and even climate can all play a part. Some risk factors cannot be changed, but others can be managed.

People with a family history

If a close family member has had kidney stones, your own risk is higher. This may be due to inherited body chemistry, shared eating habits, or both. A family pattern can sometimes make stones more likely even in younger adults.

People who have had one kidney stone are also at greater risk of getting another. Once a stone has formed, the chance of recurrence goes up. That is why follow-up care and prevention advice are so important.

Men and adults in midlife

Kidney stones are more common in men than women, although the gap is smaller than it once was. They often appear in adults between the ages of 30 and 60. However, they can happen at any age, including in children.

Midlife risk may be linked to diet, weight changes, and long-term health conditions. As people age, their risk can also rise if they become less active or drink less fluid. These changes can make urine more concentrated.

People who do not drink enough fluid

Not drinking enough water is one of the biggest risk factors for kidney stones. When the body is short of fluid, urine becomes more concentrated and stones are more likely to form. This is especially important during hot weather or after exercise.

Some people are more likely to become dehydrated, such as those who work outdoors or forget to drink regularly. In the UK, a warm spell can increase risk if fluid intake does not rise with the temperature. Simple hydration can make a big difference.

Those with certain health conditions

Several medical conditions can raise the risk of kidney stones. These include gout, inflammatory bowel disease, recurrent urinary tract infections, and some metabolic disorders. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are also linked to a higher risk.

Some medicines may contribute as well, including certain diuretics and some treatments used for epilepsy or HIV. If you have a long-term condition, your GP may be able to suggest ways to lower your risk. This can include diet changes, medication review, or more fluids.

People with high-salt or high-protein diets

A diet high in salt can increase the amount of calcium in the urine, which may encourage stone formation. Very high intakes of animal protein can also raise risk in some people. Diets low in fruit and vegetables may add to the problem.

Processed foods, ready meals, and salty snacks can all increase salt intake. A balanced diet with plenty of fluid is often recommended. For people at higher risk, a GP or dietitian may give tailored advice.